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- 12-60 years: 2.7-4.5 mg/dl
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> 60 years: 2.3-3.7 mg/dl
- 2-12 years: 4.5-5.5 mg/dl
- 10 days-2 years: 4.5-6.7 mg/dl
- Infant (0-10 days): 4.5-9 mg/dl
- Premature infant (1 week): 5.4 -10.9 mg/dl
- Cord blood: 3.7-8.1 mg/dl
- Adult: 8.2-14.5 mg/dl
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- To detect disorders of calcium, bone, or endocrine origin
- To diagnose kidney disorders and acid-base imbalance
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- Renal failure
- Cirrhosis of the liver
- Hypovolemia
- Pulmonary embolism
- Dehydration
- Diabetic ketoacidosis
- Milk alkali syndrome
- Acromegaly
- Vitamin D toxicity
- Respiratory acidosis
- Osteolytic metastatic bone tumor
- Lactic acidosis
- Sarcoidosis
- Postanesthesia hyperthermia
- Hypoparathyrodism
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- Osteomalacia
- Acute respiratory infection
- Osteoblastic bone cancer
- Prolonged intravenous glucose therapy
- Acute gout
- Prolonged nasogastric drainage
- Vitamin D deficiency
- Hyperparathyroidism
- Renal tubular disease
- Serum calcium elevation
- Severe Malabsoption
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Sepsis
- Starvation
- Respiratory alkalosis
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- Hemolysis
- Carbohydrate-rich meals
- Recent phosphate enema
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